Departamento de Am\u00e9rica del Norte<\/p>\n
Ana Lia Ensino<\/p>\n
La situaci\u00f3n de los ni\u00f1os migrantes no acompa\u00f1ados que llegan a la frontera sur de Estados Unidos ha ido sumando, en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, una cuota de complejidad al ya intrincado sistema migratorio norteamericano.\u00a0 Seg\u00fan datos aportados por el Servicio de Aduanas y Protecci\u00f3n Fronteriza de Estados Unidos (CBP por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s) durante el a\u00f1o fiscal 2022 alrededor de 150000 ni\u00f1os fueron aprehendidos en la frontera con M\u00e9xico y puestos a disposici\u00f3n de las autoridades migratorias estadounidenses (CBP Newsroom, s.f.).<\/p>\n
De acuerdo con la legislaci\u00f3n norteamericana, un ni\u00f1o migrante no acompa\u00f1ado es quien tiene menos de 18 a\u00f1os, no tiene estatus legal en Estados Unidos y no cuenta con un adulto que pueda hacerse cargo de \u00e9l. (National Immigration Forum, 2020). Sin embargo, no necesariamente todos estos ni\u00f1os llegan solos. En muchos casos lo hacen junto con otros migrantes adultos o con familiares, de los cuales son separados en la frontera. Como consecuencia, el proceso migratorio que deben enfrentar puede llegar a ser confuso y abrumador para ellos.<\/p>\n
En Estados Unidos existen diversas organizaciones que abogan por la defensa de los derechos de ni\u00f1os migrantes no acompa\u00f1ados. Una de ellas es The Young Center for Immigrant Children\u2019s Rights. Fundado en 2004 en Chicago, The Young Center se propuso desarrollar un programa que sirviera para defender los derechos de los ni\u00f1os migrantes no acompa\u00f1ados, teniendo en cuenta que la legislaci\u00f3n norteamericana no contempla un tratamiento diferenciado para ni\u00f1os en los procesos migratorios. Est\u00e1 conformado por abogados, trabajadores sociales y voluntarios biling\u00fces quienes son designados como defensores del ni\u00f1o (Child Advocate) por el Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Estados Unidos. Tienen como misi\u00f3n velar por que se tengan en cuenta los deseos y necesidades del ni\u00f1o en cualquier decisi\u00f3n que se tome. Actualmente cuentan con oficinas en Houston, San Antonio, Phoenix, Los Angeles, Washington DC, New York, Harlingen y Chicago. (The Young Center, s.f.)<\/p>\n
Anabel Mendoza, responsable del \u00c1rea de Comunicaci\u00f3n Institucional de The Young Center nos brind\u00f3 detalles de la tarea que realiza la organizaci\u00f3n y cu\u00e1les son los principales desaf\u00edos que enfrentan en su labor. Adem\u00e1s, se refiri\u00f3 a la necesidad de que una nueva ley migratoria contemple el inter\u00e9s superior del ni\u00f1o.<\/p>\n
Los ni\u00f1os que llegan a la frontera sur norteamericana son aprehendidos por la Patrulla Fronteriza, dependiente de CBP. Posteriormente son puestos a disposici\u00f3n de la Oficina de Refugiados (ORR) del Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Estados Unidos (HHS por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s) quien debe encargarse de ubicar a estos ni\u00f1os en lugares lo menos restrictivos posible, tales como hogares de guarda u otros espacios adecuados a sus necesidades (Cheatham & Roy, 2023). El objetivo central es localizar a alg\u00fan familiar o adulto que pueda hacerse cargo mientras se procesa su caso en las Cortes de Inmigraci\u00f3n. (ORR Fact Sheet, 2023). Vale remarcar que este proceso puede llegar a llevar meses, incluso a\u00f1os en definirse. En este contexto, la participaci\u00f3n de organizaciones como The Young Center resultan cruciales en la defensa de los derechos de los ni\u00f1os migrantes sin compa\u00f1\u00eda.<\/p>\n
Diversas son las dificultades que enfrentan los ni\u00f1os en sus procesos migratorios. Anabel Mendoza explica que para los ni\u00f1os es una experiencia muy dif\u00edcil la de permanecer en centros de detenci\u00f3n inadecuados para ellos, luchar por reunirse nuevamente con sus familias y tener cierta estabilidad en sus vidas mientras aguardan por la resoluci\u00f3n de sus casos. Adem\u00e1s, muchos de ellos son muy peque\u00f1os, no hablan ingl\u00e9s y tienen ciertas discapacidades que precisan ser atendidas.<\/p>\n
Los cambios implementados por la administraci\u00f3n Biden en los \u00faltimos meses en relaci\u00f3n con la pol\u00edtica de asilo han tenido un impacto negativo en la situaci\u00f3n de los ni\u00f1os migrantes. Las nuevas medidas para solicitar asilo en Estados Unidos tras la eliminaci\u00f3n del denominado T\u00edtulo 42 [1]<\/sup><\/a> incluyen, entre otras, el establecimiento de centros regionales en ciudades de Latinoam\u00e9rica donde los migrantes deber\u00e1n presentarse previa llegada a los puertos de entrada de Estados Unidos y la utilizaci\u00f3n de una aplicaci\u00f3n m\u00f3vil llamada CBP One, que permite a los migrantes cerca de la frontera mexicana o en Ciudad de M\u00e9xico programar una entrevista en un puerto de entrada oficial. Las nuevas disposiciones agregan que aquellos que no utilicen alguna de estas v\u00edas legales para ingresar a los Estados Unidos no ser\u00e1n elegibles para el asilo cuando se presenten en la frontera. (Jordan & Sullivan, 2023).<\/p>\n De acuerdo con Mendoza son muy limitadas las citas otorgadas a trav\u00e9s de CBP One y se les ha negado el derecho a asilo a los ni\u00f1os con sus familias si no tienen asegurada una cita a trav\u00e9s de esta aplicaci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, a pesar de que se inform\u00f3 que los ni\u00f1os migrantes sin compa\u00f1\u00eda estar\u00edan exceptuados de cumplir con estos requerimientos, en la pr\u00e1ctica se ha evidenciado que esto no se cumple.<\/p>\n La actual legislaci\u00f3n migratoria norteamericana no incluye un trato diferenciado a los ni\u00f1os migrantes en relaci\u00f3n con los adultos. Como consecuencia, los ni\u00f1os no tienen garantizado un abogado o un defensor del ni\u00f1o (Child Advocate) al momento de enfrentar sus casos ante las autoridades migratorias y las Cortes de Inmigraci\u00f3n. Es por esto que las acciones que se realizan desde The Young Center son tan importantes.<\/p>\n Como mencionamos en p\u00e1rrafos anteriores, el Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Estados Unidos es quien designa a miembros de The Young Center como Child Advocates. Sin embargo, esta medida no es obligatoria por ley, sino m\u00e1s bien, discrecional. Es por esto que, seg\u00fan Mendoza, es primordial que la legislaci\u00f3n migratoria sea modificada para que se contemple el inter\u00e9s superior del ni\u00f1o en la toma de decisiones.<\/p>\n En este sentido, The Young Center celebra la introducci\u00f3n en el Congreso en el a\u00f1o 2022 del proyecto de ley denominado \u201cChildren\u2019s Safe Welcome Act\u201d. El mismo fue presentado en la 117 Sesi\u00f3n del Congreso de Estados Unidos el 13 de julio de 2022. Fue patrocinado por la Representante de California por el Partido Dem\u00f3crata, Karen Bass y por el Senador dem\u00f3crata por Oregon, Jeff Merkley.<\/p>\n Entre otras provisiones, este proyecto de ley demanda que profesionales especializados en cuidado de ni\u00f1os est\u00e9n presentes en la frontera a fin de salvaguardar la seguridad de los mismos, proh\u00edbe la separaci\u00f3n de los ni\u00f1os de sus familias, limita significativamente la ubicaci\u00f3n de ni\u00f1os en centros de detenci\u00f3n restrictivos, garantiza la representaci\u00f3n legal de ni\u00f1os migrantes no acompa\u00f1ados en todo el proceso migratorio y crea una oficina de Ombudsman para verificar el cumplimiento de estas medidas (HR 8349, 2022).<\/p>\n En opini\u00f3n de Anabel Mendoza la sanci\u00f3n de este proyecto de ley transformar\u00eda los est\u00e1ndares a partir de los cuales los ni\u00f1os son tratados al momento de atravesar las diferentes instancias del proceso migratorio, priorizando la unidad familiar, y en los casos en los que los ni\u00f1os arriben solos a la frontera, asegurarles el resguardo por parte de sus familiares lo antes posible.<\/p>\n Acciones como las que lleva a cabo the Young Center resultan esenciales en la defensa de los ni\u00f1os migrantes sin compa\u00f1\u00eda. Asimismo, deja en claro la necesidad imperiosa de que la reforma migratoria en Estados Unidos incluya y reconozca a los ni\u00f1os migrantes no acompa\u00f1ados como sujetos de derechos y que se tenga en cuenta, en cada decisi\u00f3n que se tome, su inter\u00e9s superior.<\/p>\n Cheatham Amelia y Roy Diana. \u201cU.S. Detention of Child Migrants\u201d. Council on Foreign Relations. 27 de marzo de 2023. Disponible en: https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/us-detention-child-migrants<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n \u201cFact Sheet: Unaccompanied Migrant Children (UACs)\u201d. National Immigration Forum. 2 de noviembre de 2020. Disponible en: https:\/\/immigrationforum.org\/article\/fact-sheet-unaccompanied-migrant-children-uacs\/<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n Jordan Miriam y Sullivan Eileen. \u201cEstas son las nuevas medidas del gobierno de Biden para afrontar la llegada de migrantes\u201d. The New York Times. 11 de mayo de 2023. Disponible en: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/05\/11\/espanol\/nuevas-reglas-migratorias-biden.html<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n \u201cSouthwest Land Border Encounters\u201d. US Customs and Border Protection Newsroom. Disponible en: https:\/\/www.cbp.gov\/newsroom\/stats\/southwest-land-border-encounters<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n Carta de organizaciones de defensa de los derechos de los ni\u00f1os al Congreso a prop\u00f3sito de Children\u2019s Safe Welcome Act of 2022 carta con pedido promulgacion Children\u2019s Safe Welcome Act 2022.pdf<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n H.R.8349 – 117th Congress (2021-2022): Children\u2019s Safe Welcome Act of 2022. 1 de noviembre de 2022. Disponible en: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/bill\/117th-congress\/house-bill\/8349\/text<\/a><\/u><\/p>\n CBP <\/strong>US Customs and Border Protection<\/p>\n DHS <\/strong>Department of Homeland Security<\/p>\n HHS <\/strong>Department of Health and Human Services<\/p>\n ORR <\/strong>Office of Refugee Resettlement<\/p>\n TVPRA <\/strong>William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act<\/p>\n UAC <\/strong>Unaccompanied Migrant Children<\/p>\n La cuesti\u00f3n migratoria en Estados Unidos ha conformado una importante l\u00ednea de investigaci\u00f3n del Departamento de Am\u00e9rica del Norte. En recientes publicaciones se han abordado temas tales como las posturas de los candidatos presidenciales respecto del tema migratorio, avances y retrocesos en torno a una reforma migratoria integral, as\u00ed como una primera aproximaci\u00f3n al fen\u00f3meno de los ni\u00f1os migrantes que llegan a Estados Unidos sin compa\u00f1\u00eda. En relaci\u00f3n a este \u00faltimo tema, me pareci\u00f3 interesante conocer qu\u00e9 sucede con los ni\u00f1os migrantes una vez que han cruzado la frontera. Por eso, tome contacto con The Young Center for Immigrant Children\u2019s Rights, una organizaci\u00f3n que tiene como misi\u00f3n defender los derechos de los ni\u00f1os que se encuentran en esta situaci\u00f3n de suma vulnerabilidad.<\/p>\n A continuaci\u00f3n presentamos la entrevista realizada a Anabel Mendoza, responsable del \u00c1rea de Comunicaci\u00f3n Institucional de The Young Center for Immigrant Children\u2019s Rights.<\/p>\n Anabel Mendoza. Media Relations Specialist<\/p>\n The Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights<\/p>\n What rules and procedures you must follow when taking a new case involving unaccompanied children? How do you work along with the government agencies and Immigration Courts? <\/strong><\/p>\n The Young Center advocates for the rights, safety, and best interests for unaccompanied children through a multidisciplinary approach, which includes our policy-related work in pushing federal lawmakers to adopt policies that truly protect the rights of immigrant children and our direct service work. Our team of attorneys and social workers, along with bilingual volunteers, are appointed as Child Advocate by the Department of Health and Human Services.<\/p>\n Through our national Child Advocate Program, we have trained hundreds of independent, bilingual volunteers across the country to become Child Advocates and work directly with some of the most vulnerable immigrant children in government custody. When someone becomes a volunteer Child Advocate with us, they get assigned to a specific child who is typically located in the city where they live and then they get to meet with that child once every week, usually for about an hour, to learn their stories, accompany and support them, and help advocate for their rights, safety, and well-being alongside our staff social workers and attorneys.<\/p>\n There are so many people making life-altering decisions on these children\u2019s behalf, often without even considering what a child\u2019s hopes and wishes are, what\u2019s in their best interest, and what will keep them safe. Our volunteers work alongside our social workers and attorneys to make sure children’s safety and rights are always put first in their immigration case.<\/p>\n What are the main challenges or difficulties that the Center faces when taking a new case involving unaccompanied children?<\/strong><\/p>\n Working with immigrant children who are in government custody, our staff and volunteers bear witness to these children\u2019s experiences in federal detention, their fight to be reunified with family, and find stability in the community while they wait\u2014sometimes years\u2014for our government to hear their requests for protection and permanency.<\/p>\n It\u2019s extremely difficult to see children facing challenges no child should have to experience. All children deserve to be treated like kids. They deserve to have a childhood. Yet so many of the children we work with have endured so much at such a young age. Many have been separated from their families at the hands of our government and faced unimaginable trauma in their journey coming to the U.S. On top of this, they face considerable challenges while in government custody, as detention facilities are never a place where children should be and lack the level of care children need and deserve.<\/p>\n Additionally, some children of the children we work with might speak Indigenous languages, be extremely young, or have very specific needs that we work to ensure are met when being appointed to them as Child Advocates.<\/p>\n How would you describe the situation of unaccompanied children in the US-Mexico border?<\/strong><\/p>\n The situation at the border has long been dangerous and unsettling, especially for children. Just recently, the Biden administration implemented an asylum ban that continues to put families, adults, and children directly in harm\u2019s way.<\/p>\n Many children arriving with <\/em>their families are being denied their right to ask for asylum if they can\u2019t secure one of a limited number of CBP One appointments.<\/p>\n While unaccompanied children were said to be exempt from the asylum ban, there have been recent indications that some children who arrive alone have also been denied a chance to seek safety.<\/p>\n Children need time and access to legal counsel to prepare their legal cases and have a full and fair opportunity to be heard on their claims for protection. The asylum ban completely ignores this reality and either denies children and families outright or places them in fast-track deportation proceedings to be sent back to the danger and persecution they fled.<\/p>\n In which ways should the current immigration system be changed to assure children\u2019s best interests in decision making? <\/strong><\/p>\n Our goal is to\u00a0change the immigration system<\/u> so that children are recognized and treated as children.<\/p>\n Immigrant children who seek protection in the United States are thrown into a system of laws, regulations, and policies that put them on the defensive. They bear the burden of defending themselves against government attorneys and proving that they are eligible for protection, all while the government tries to deport them. They have no guarantee of either a Child Advocate or immigration counsel to stand with them in this system that is stacked against them.<\/p>\n Key decisionmakers within the U.S. immigration system are not required\u2014or in some instances even permitted\u2014to consider children\u2019s best interests when making decisions that directly impact children\u2019s safety, permanency, and connection to family.<\/p>\n At the Young Center, we fight for a new system, one built around the needs and capacities of children. We want all decisionmakers –immigration judges, asylum officers, enforcement officials\u2014to center children\u2019s safety and best-interests when making their decisions and believe that all children deserve to have Child Advocates in their corner to advocate for them every step of the way.<\/p>\n Is the Young Center promoting or supporting any bill regarding how to best address cases involving unaccompanied children who enter the US? <\/strong><\/p>\n Last year, the Young Center celebrated the introduction of the Children\u2019s Safe Welcome Act in Congress, a bill that aims to keep families together, prioritizes small shelters and family-based placements for children arriving to the U.S. alone, strengthens protections for children with disabilities, and advocates for children to be reunified with family as quickly as possible to minimize their time spent in government custody.<\/p>\n At its core, the Children\u2019s Safe Welcome Act is about protecting children and is centered in evidence-based practices in the fields of child health, welfare and development to ensure children\u2019s unique needs and capabilities are respected during any period they\u2019re in federal custody. We know that children thrive when they are cared for by loved ones and are safest when their health is prioritized. This bill would transform the standard for how children are treated when navigating our country\u2019s immigration system by prioritizing family unity, and in cases where a child arrived alone to the U.S., ensuring their prompt reunification with family whenever possible.<\/p>\n [1]<\/sup><\/a> El T\u00edtulo 42 es una\u00a0secci\u00f3n de la Ley de Servicio P\u00fablico de Salud de 1944<\/a>, que permite que el gobierno pueda detener la entrada de personas e importaciones con el fin de prevenir la introducci\u00f3n de una enfermedad transmisible desde fuera de las fronteras continentales de Estados Unidos. En marzo de 2020, cuando el COVID-19 se estaba extendiendo por todo el pa\u00eds, la administraci\u00f3n Trump autoriz\u00f3 el uso de la regla bajo la emergencia nacional de salud p\u00fablica para expulsar r\u00e1pidamente a las personas que cruzan de manera ilegal hacia Estados Unidos. El 11 de mayo de 2022 esta medida qued\u00f3 sin efecto en el marco de la finalizaci\u00f3n de la emergencia sanitaria decretada por la administraci\u00f3n Biden.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" por Ana Lia 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Alvarez Eiras","author_link":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/author\/juana-alvarez-eiras\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"por Ana Lia Ensino","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31144"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36736,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31144\/revisions\/36736"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29328"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iri.edu.ar\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Necesidad de una nueva ley migratoria que incluya el inter\u00e9s superior del ni\u00f1o<\/h2>\n
Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h2>\n
Referencias bibliogr\u00e1ficas<\/h2>\n
Documentos<\/h3>\n
Glosario<\/h3>\n
Anexo<\/h2>\n
Interview<\/h3>\n